TREASURY
BILLS: They
are main instruments of short term borrowings by the Government and serve as a
convenient gilt-edged security for the money market.RBI as the agent of the
Government issues treasury bills at a discount
02.
INTERBANK PARTICIPATIONS: In order to provide an additional instrument
for evening out short-term liquidity within the banking system, the Reserve
Bank of India
has permitted banks to issue Inter Bank Participations
03.
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT: With a view to further widening the range of
money market instruments and to give investors greater flexibility in the deployment
of their short-term surplus funds, RBI has permitted banks to issue certificate
of deposits. It is a negotiable money market instrument and issued in
dematerialized form or as a Usance Promissory Note, for funds deposited at a
bank or other eligible financial institution for a specified time period. It
can be issued by select all India
financial institutions within the umbrella limit fixed by RBI, Local Area Banks
and scheduled commercial banks excluding RRBs
04.
BANKER’S LIEN: It
is a general lien and is specially conferred by section 171 of the Indian
Contract Act, 1872 and is available in respect of all securities deposited with
him as banker by a customer, unless there is a contract inconsistent with lien.
The right of lien is available to the banker only when the goods/securities
have been given to him as bailee
05
RULE IN CLAYTON’S CASE: It pertains to appropriation of payments in a
running account having debit balances . According to the above, the moneys paid
in by a customer in his current account are to be applied towards adjustment of
overdraft in the order of time in which the debts were incurred. To avoid
operation of the rule in Clayton’s case a banker should rule-off the account
which is overdrawn and open a fresh account for further transactions when the
bank receives notice of death or insolvency of a partner or a joint account
holder
06.CERTIFICATE
OF INCORPORATION: It brings the company into existence as a legal person.
07.MEMORANDUM
OF ASSOCIATION: It
is a document which defines the company’s relation with the outside world and
the scope of its activities. It is also known as “Unalterable charter” of the
company
08.ARTICLES
OF ASSOCIATION:It
is a document which lays down the regulations or bye-laws for carrying into
effect the object of the company as defined in its memorandum of association
and for the management of its internal affairs
09.DOCTRINE
OF INDOOR MANAGEMENT: As per the above, a bank is not affected by any
irregularities in the internal management of the company it it deals with the
company in reliance on the articles of the association and in consonance with the resolution
received by the bank from persons conducting the affairs of the company
10.PERSONS
OF INDIAN ORIGIN: He is a citizen of any country other than Bangladesh or
Pakistan if he at any time held an Indian Passport; he or either of his parents
or any of his grand parents was a citizen of India by virtue of the
Constitution of India or the Citizenship Act, 1955; the person is a spouse of
an Indian citizen or a person referred to as above.
11.GOIPORIA
COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS: RBI had set up, in October, 1990, a 12 member
committee headed by IBA chairman Mr M N Goiporia to assess the current state of
customer service in banks. The terms of reference of the committee include – a)
identifying the causes of persistently poor customer service in banks and areas
in which deficiencies prevail and how the situation could be rectified; b)
suggesting ways and means for improvement in work culture and inculcation of
greater customer orientation on the part of bank employees; and c) to examine the technological upgradation
for ensuring better customer service, better housekeeping, quicker flow of
information and effective supervision and managerial control to inject
competitive strength in banks
12.SWIFT:
The
society for Worldwide Inter bank Financial Telecommunication – SWIFT- was
registered as a company in Belgium.
It is a bank owned non profit cooperative society becoming operational in May,
1977. It supplies messaging and interface software world-wide for exchange of
financial messages. It helps its customers reduce costs, improve automation and
manage risk and provides 24 hour global support to 7500 financial institutions
in 200 countries. Its network is a worldwide telecommunication network. It is
an interbank transaction data processing
system designed for the exclusive use of banks and used to process
international financial transactions among member banks. SWIFT system handles
communications for payment/transaction instructions and related messages and
functions. It is a transaction processing network but not a settlement or
clearing house system. It makes available data on transactions in computer
readable form for use of bank’s in-house computers system to help automated
processing of several functions
13.SHARED
PAYMENT NETWORK SYSTEM: It was mooted by Indian Banks Association and
endorsed by Rangarajan Committee. It envisages provision of round the clock
banking conveniences. Under SPNS, a customer of a bank can perform basic
banking functions like cash withdrawal, balance enquiry etc at any ATM
belonging to any bank. The user bank could derive the benefit of several ATMs
and banks will be enable to offer services including cash withdrawal, balance
enquiry, printing of statement of accounts, cash/cheque deposits, credit card
authorization etc.,
14.
HOLDER: The
term – ‘holder’ refers to the person who is entitled to possess the instrument
in his own name and to recover the amount thereunder. In view of section 8 of
the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, the term – ‘holder’ would not include a
thief in possession of an instrument payable to bearer; or the finder of a lost
instrument payable to bearer; or even the payee himself if he cannot recover
the amount due on the instrument, as when he is prohibited from doing so by an
order of the court. He can convert a blank endorsement into an endorsement in
full and can obtain a duplicate of a lost bill by giving an indemnity if so
required by the drawer and he has right to sue in his own name on the
instrument
15.NEGOTIATION:
As
per the provisions contained in the Negotiable Instruments Act, negotiation
means transfer of a negotiable instrument to any person so as to constitute
that person the holder thereof. A negotiable instrument may be negotiated by
delivery or by endorsement and delivery. A negotiable instrument payable to
bearer is negotiable by delivery and when it is payable to order it is
negotiated by endorsement and delivery.
16.ESCROW:
It
refers to conditional delivery of an instrument e.g. a cheque handed over to a
third party to be delivered to the payee on the fulfillment of a certain
condition by the latter
17.
HUNDI : Bills
of exchange drawn by Indians in an oriental language, or vernacular of India are
called hundies. They are governed by usages and customs prevailing in various
parts of the country. Hundi is the most prevalent form of negotiable
instruments recognized by usage i.e. other than those recognized by the statute
18.INCHOATE
CHEQUE: It
means a negotiable instrument which is incomplete as to its date, amount or
name of the payee. The drawer of an inchoate cheque is not liable until the
cheque is negotiated and the authority to complete an inchoate cheque vests in
the holder.
19.MATERIAL
ALTERATION: It
is one which varies the rights, liabilities or legal position of the parties,
ascertained by the deed in its original state. It varies the legal effect of
the instrument as originally expressed and it reduces to certainty some
provision which was originally unascertained and as such void. It implies an
alteration in the date or payee or amount. Converting a cheque from ‘order’ to
‘bearer’ is a material alteration
20.NOTING:
It
means the minutes recorded by a notary public on a dishonoured bill at the time
of dishonour. It may be made upon the dishonoured instrument or upon a paper
attached thereto or partly upon each. It should contain the fact of dishonour
and the date of dishonour; the reasons, if any, assigned for such dishonour and
the notary’s charges. If the instrument has not been expressly dishonoured, the
reasons why the holder treats it as dishonoured.
21.KITE
FLYING : It
refers to drawing/accepting of bills just to accommodate the other party
without the backing of any genuine trade transactions
22.PROTESTING:
It
is a formal notarial certificate attesting the dishonour of the bill and
based upon the noting
23.ACCOMMODATION
BILL: It
is one which a person signs as a drawer, acceptor or endorser without receiving
value therefore, and for the purpose of lending his name to some other persons.
24. SYNDICATION OF
CREDIT: It is an agreement between two and more
lending institutions to provide a borrower a credit facility using common loan
documentation. While syndication is very similar to the system of consortium
lending in terms of dispersal of risk, in the former the borrower has freedom
in terms of competitive pricing and financial discipline is sought to be
brought about by the lending banks through a fixed repayment period.
25. AMERICAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPT: It is a depository receipt issued by a bank or
a depository in United States of America (USA) against underlying rupee shares
of a company incorporated in India
26. GLOBAL
DEPOSITORY RECEIPT: It is a security
issued by a bank or a depository outside India against underlying rupee
shares of a company incorporated in India
27.DIRECT
INVESTMENT OUTSIDE INDIA:
It
is an investment by way of contribution to the capital or subsctiption to the
memorandum of association of a foreign entity
28. SYNDICATED CREDIT is an agreement between two and more
lending institutions to provide a borrower a credit facility using common loan
documentation.
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